When you’re new to yoga, the practice can sometimes feel a bit overwhelming, especially when you hear unfamiliar terms being used in class. Sanskrit, the ancient language of India, is often used to name poses, breathing techniques, and chants. Knowing and understanging those terms can greatly enhance your experience and help you navigate the practice with confidence. While our teachers thoroughly explain each pose, understanding the original names and their meanings shows respect for the rich yogic tradition and can deepen your practice. This knowledge will not only help you feel more connected but also offer a deeper awareness of your body and mind.
So, without further ado, let’s dive into our beginner’s guide to the most essential Sanskrit words you’ll need to know as you embark on your yoga journey. And for those who have been practicing for a while, take a moment to revisit these terms—you might uncover something new that could enrich your practice and open up new possibilities.
1. Namaste (नमस्ते)
“Namaste” is perhaps one of the most frequently used and yet most often overlooked terms in yoga. It’s a word you’ll hear at the beginning and end of almost every yoga class, but its true meaning is often assumed rather than fully understood. It’s so common that many people believe they know what it means, but if you ask someone on the street to define it, they might struggle to give you an accurate explanation.
At its most basic level, Namaste translates to “I bow to you,” with the word stemming from the Sanskrit roots nama (to bow), as (I), and te (you). However, this phrase carries a much deeper significance.
It’s often interpreted as “the divine in me honors the divine in you,” reflecting a recognition of the sacred connection between all beings. When we bring our hands together at the heart and say Namaste we engage in a a profound act of acknowledging and honoring the presence of another being. It invites us to pause, connect, and recognize the shared divinity within each of us. Through this gesture, we express mutual respect and humility, fostering a deeper sense of unity both in our practice and in our interactions with others.
2. Prana (प्राण)
Before we move on to our next crutial term, we owe you to explain the concept of Prana. Prana is a Sanskrit word that refers to the vital life force or energy that flows through all living beings. In yogic philosophy, Prana is considered the fundamental energy that sustains life, similar to concepts like qi in Chinese medicine or ki in Japanese tradition. It’s not just the air we breathe, but the life-giving energy that permeates the entire universe.
Prana is believed to flow through the body in specific pathways known as nadis (energy channels). The most important of these channels are the ida, pingala, and sushumna nadis, which correspond to different aspects of our physical and spiritual well-being. The balanced flow of Prana through these channels is essential for maintaining health, vitality, and mental clarity.
Understanding Prana goes beyond the physical act of breathing—it’s about connecting with the very essence of life itself. By cultivating awareness of Prana through yoga and meditation, we can enhance our energy levels, improve our physical health, and deepen our spiritual practice. This concept is central to many aspects of yoga, from the practice of asanas (poses) to Pranayama and meditation, making it an essential part of any yogic journey.
3. Pranayama (प्राणायाम)
Now when you understand Prana, lets move to another often misunderstood term of Pranayama. In the Wes we simplify it to the “breath work,” but it’s much more than that. The term Pranayama comes from two Sanskrit words: prana, meaning “life force” or “vital energy,” and ayama, meaning “extension” or “control.” While breath work is indeed a powerful aspect of Pranayama, it’s only part of the picture.
As we said before Pranayama is about controlling and directing the prana—the vital life energy that flows through all living beings. Breath is the vehicle for this energy, but Pranayama practices go beyond just the mechanics of breathing. They involve cultivating a deeper awareness of the subtle energies within the body, harnessing them for physical, mental, and spiritual growth. Through Pranayama, you’re not just improving lung function or calming the mind; you’re tapping into the very essence of life itself.
Pranayama involves various breathing exercises that can calm the mind, energize the body, and create a sense of balance. Techniques like Ujjayi (victorious breath), Nadi Shodhana (alternate nostril breathing), and Kapalabhati (breath of fire) are all designed to move Prana through the nadis, clearing blockages and promoting a smooth, steady flow of energy. Practicing Pranayama regularly can lead to increased vitality, mental clarity, and a deeper sense of connection to the inner self.
4. Chakra (चक्र)
Chakras are a fundamental concept in yoga and ancient Indian spiritual traditions, representing the energy centers within the human body. The word chakra translates to “wheel” or “disk” in Sanskrit, symbolizing spinning vortexes of energy that regulate various aspects of our physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. These energy centers are not just abstract ideas; they are seen as vital components that influence our overall health and consciousness.
In traditional Indian medicine and spiritual theory, nadis are channels that carry life force energy, or prana, throughout the body, with chakras serving as the key points where these nadis intersect. Imagine nadis as similar to veins that transport blood, while the chakras function as central hubs for the flow of energy. These energy hubs are essential in maintaining the balance and harmony of our internal systems.
It is often said that there are 72,000 nadis in the body, leading to the existence of, according to some sources, as many as 88,000 chakras. Among these, seven major chakras—where the three primary nadis (Ida, Pingala, and Sushumna) intersect—are the most recognized and influential in yoga practices. Each of these major chakras is believed to be associated with specific emotions, sensations, and spiritual states, profoundly affecting our physical and mental well-being.
Philosophy of chakras
Philosophically, chakras are seen as gateways to higher consciousness. They are not just centers of energy but also represent levels of spiritual growth and awareness. The seven major chakras correspond to different stages of spiritual development, from the grounding and survival instincts of the Root Chakra (Muladhara) to the enlightenment and divine connection of the Crown Chakra (Sahasrara). Balancing these chakras through yoga, meditation, and other spiritual practices is thought to lead to greater harmony within oneself and a deeper connection to the universe.
In this way, chakras are not just physical or energetic centers; they are deeply intertwined with the spiritual journey, guiding us toward self-realization and enlightenment. Understanding and working with the chakras is a profound practice that can lead to transformative experiences on both the physical and spiritual levels.
5. AUM/OM (ॐ)
OM or AUM is perhaps the most sacred sound in Hinduism and yoga. It’s considered the sound of the universe, representing the past, present, and future—all that was, all that is, and all that will be. The symbol ॐ is comprised of three Sanskrit letters: A, U, and M, which together represent the three fundamental aspects of the universe: creation, maintenance, and destruction. These energies correspond to the cycle of life, reminding us of the constant flow of change.
The chanting of OM is a deeply spiritual practice. The length of chanting OM should ideally be long enough to feel the vibrations throughout your body, preferably lasting about 6 seconds. The vibration created by chanting OM is believed to resonate through the body, aligning the chakras and fostering a sense of balance and peace.
OM in the book about breath
I bet you are familiar with the newest bestseller on breath by James Nestor Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art, which among other amazing facts about breathing discusses the science behind OM chanting.. He explores how chanting OM can stimulate the vagus nerve, which plays a crucial role in regulating the parasympathetic nervous system. This stimulation helps to lower heart rate, reduce blood pressure, and promote relaxation.
Nestor also highlights that the vibrations produced by chanting OM create a resonance in the body, particularly in the chest and throat areas. This resonance can help synchronize brainwaves, leading to states of deep relaxation and heightened awareness. The prolonged exhalation during OM chanting slows down the breathing rate, which in turn enhances oxygenation, improves lung function, and induces a calming effect on the nervous system
If you want to dig deeper into the neuroscience of OM chanting, I strongly recommend THIS ARTICLE where researchers used functional MRI (fMRI) technique, which allows them to see which parts of the brain are active when someone is chanting OM and how that affects our general well-being.
6. Mantra (मन्त्र)
A mantra is a sacred word or phrase repeated in meditation or during a yoga practice to help focus the mind and connect with spiritual energies. The word mantra comes from two Sanskrit roots: man, meaning “mind,” and tra, meaning “tool” or “instrument.” Thus, a mantra is literally a tool for the mind.
Mantras are believed to have their own unique vibrational qualities, which can influence both the mind and body. By focusing on a mantra during meditation, practitioners can transcend the distractions of the mind, leading to deeper states of consciousness and spiritual insight.
7. Chanting
Though Chanting is not a Sanskrit word, we still find it necessary to include it in our glossary. Chanting in yoga is a powerful practice that involves the repetition of sacred sounds or mantras. But chanting is more than just vocal repetition; it’s a practice that can elevate the mind and spirit, helping to cultivate focus, mindfulness, and connection to the divine. In Hindu tradition, chanting is a way to purify the mind and bring the practitioner closer to spiritual enlightenment.
There is also lots of scientific evidence supporting the benefits of chanting. Studies have shown that the repetitive nature of chanting can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to reduced stress and increased relaxation. It has also been found to synchronise brainwaves, enhance cognitive function, and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression.
One notable study published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) in 2001 examined the effects of reciting yoga mantras and rosary prayers on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms. The study found that both prayer and mantra recitation, when done at a rate of six breaths per minute, led to powerful and synchronous increases in cardiovascular rhythms. This rhythmic breathing also significantly improved the body’s ability to regulate blood pressure. It is also a study that previously James Nestor is referring to in his book about the discoveries of OM chanting benefits.
8. Mudra (मुद्रा)
Mudras are symbolic hand gestures used in yoga and meditation to direct energy flow within the body. The word mudra translates to “seal” or “gesture,” and each mudra is believed to have specific physical, emotional, and spiritual benefits. In the yogic tradition, it’s believed that the fingers and palms are powerful energetic endpoints. By positioning the fingers and hands in certain ways, you can influence the flow of energy, or prana, throughout the body.For example, the thumb is often associated with divine consciousness, while the index finger represents the individual self. When these two fingers touch, as in Jnana Mudra, it symbolizes the union of the individual with the universal consciousness. Mudras are more than just hand positions—they are tools to enhance meditation, deepen concentration, and connect with the subtle energies within the body. We will delve into mudras in upcoming posts.
9. Bandhas (बन्ध)
Bandhas are another fundamental aspect of yogic practice, although typically introduced in more advanced yoga classes, especially in practices that focus on breath control (pranayama) and deepening the mind-body connection. They are representing energy locks within the body that help control and direct the flow of prana (life force energy). The word bandha means “to bind” or “to lock” in Sanskrit, and these techniques are used to concentrate energy in specific areas of the body, enhancing the effectiveness of asanas (postures), pranayama (breath control), and meditation practices.
The Three Primary Bandhas:
- Mula Bandha (Root Lock):
- Location: Base of the spine, in the pelvic floor area.
- Uddiyana Bandha (Abdominal Lock):
- Location: Lower abdomen, just below the navel.
- Jalandhara Bandha (Throat Lock):
- Location: Throat, at the base of the neck.
These three bandhas can also be performed together in what is known as Maha Bandha (the Great Lock), which combines all three energy locks to amplify their effects. When practiced correctly, bandhas help to refine the control of prana, deepen the effects of yoga postures, enhance concentration during meditation and balance nervous system
Philosophically, bandhas are seen as tools to harness and direct internal energy, facilitating spiritual growth and self-awareness. By mastering these locks, practitioners can overcome physical and mental blockages, allowing the free flow of prana throughout the body, leading to greater vitality, mental clarity, and spiritual insight.
10. Yoga ( योग)
And finally we reached the crème de la crème of our glossary- YOGA
Yoga, a word that has woven itself into the fabric of modern life, is often seen through a narrow lens—reduced to physical postures and fitness routines. Yet, at its heart, yoga is far more than this.
The word yoga comes from the Sanskrit root yuj, meaning “to yoke” or “to unite.”
This simple translation opens the door to the vast and profound philosophy behind yoga: the union of the individual self with the universal, the finite with the infinite, the mundane with the divine.
Yoga as Union
At its core, yoga is the art of union. It is the integration of body, mind, and spirit. In the Bhagavad Gita, one of the most revered texts in Indian philosophy, Lord Krishna explains to Arjuna that yoga is the path to self-realization—a means to connect with the true essence of one’s being.
“Yoga is the journey of the self, through the self, to the self,”
Krishna says
This statement encapsulates the idea that yoga is not just about the physical, but about aligning with the deeper, inner truth that exists within all of us.
The Many Paths to Union
Yoga is not a one-size-fits-all practice; it is a broad and diverse tradition that offers many paths to the same goal of union:
- Jnana Yoga. The path of knowledge and wisdom, where the seeker uses discernment and intellect to realize the true nature of reality.
- Bhakti Yoga. The path of devotion, which focuses on love and surrender to the divine. Through devotion, the practitioner transcends the ego and experiences oneness with all beings.
- Karma Yoga: The path of selfless action, where one’s work is performed without attachment to the results. This practice teaches the yogi to live in the present moment, serving others without seeking personal gain.
- Raja Yoga. The royal path of meditation and control of the mind. Through the eightfold path outlined by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras, the practitioner learns to master the mind and senses, leading to deep states of meditation and ultimately, samadhi, the union with the divine.
Yoga as a Philosophy of Life
The beauty of yoga lies in its flexibility—it is a philosophy that can be applied to all aspects of life. In the Yoga Sutras, Patanjali defines yoga as chitta vritti nirodha, which means the cessation of the fluctuations of the mind. In this sense, yoga is about quieting the restless mind, finding stillness within, and connecting to a higher state of consciousness. It is about moving beyond the illusions of the material world and recognizing the divine presence that permeates everything.
Swami Vivekananda, a key figure in bringing yoga to the West, once said, “You cannot believe in God until you believe in yourself.” This statement reflects the essence of yoga: the recognition that the divine is not something external, but something within us, something we are inherently connected to. Yoga teaches that by turning inward, by quieting the mind and opening the heart, we can experience this profound connection and realize our true nature.
The Union of Opposites
Yoga is also about balance—the union of opposites. It is the meeting of effort and ease, strength and flexibility, masculine and feminine, light and dark. In Hatha Yoga, for instance, ha represents the sun, and tha represents the moon. The practice is about harmonizing these opposing forces within us, creating a balanced and integrated self. This balance is not just physical, but mental and spiritual as well, leading to a harmonious life.
Union with Other Beings
Yoga extends beyond the self; it is about recognizing our inherent connection with others. The practice of Ahimsa (non-violence) teaches us to live in harmony with all beings, understanding that what affects one affects the whole. Yoga encourages compassion, empathy, and love for others, fostering a sense of unity and interconnectedness. As we cultivate inner peace through yoga, we naturally begin to radiate that peace outward, contributing to a more harmonious and loving world.
Union with the Universe
Ultimately, yoga is about realizing our oneness with the universe. It teaches us that we are not separate entities, but integral parts of the vast, cosmic web of existence. As we deepen our practice, we begin to see the divine in everything—in the earth, the sky, the stars, and every living being. This realization brings a profound sense of belonging and purpose, as we align ourselves with the rhythm of the universe and understand our role within it.
The Ultimate Goal of Yoga
Yoga is a journey toward liberation—liberation from the ego, from ignorance, and from the endless cycle of birth and death. In the words of the sage Patanjali, “When you are inspired by some great purpose, some extraordinary project, all your thoughts break their bonds: Your mind transcends limitations, your consciousness expands in every direction, and you find yourself in a new, great, and wonderful world.” This is the promise of yoga: a life of greater awareness, deeper connection, and profound peace.
Yoga is not just something we do; it is something we live. It is a way of being in the world that honors the interconnectedness of all life. It is the recognition that we are not separate, but part of a vast, infinite whole. As we practice yoga, we remember this truth, and through this remembrance, we find our way home to ourselves, to each other, and to the divine source of all existence.
In essence, yoga is the sacred journey of returning to unity—within ourselves, with each other, and with the universe. It is the path of awakening, the practice of presence, and the art of living in harmony with all that is.
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